Aviation Simulation Weather Tutorial


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Introduction to Aviation Weather
How to Analyze METAR Reports
The Analysis of Surface Conditions
Taking a Look at Conditions Aloft
How the Jet Stream Can Effect Flight
Thunderstorms Can Ruin a Routine Flight
Avoiding Turbulence and Its Bumpy Ride
How to Predict and Avoid Icing Conditions
Satellite Imagery of All Types for Pilots
Fog, Clouds and Other Visibility Issues
Check Out the Latest Radar Imagery
Weather Conversions and Calculations
A Bibliography to Expand Your Knowledge


Aviation Weather: METARs

So what are the very basics one needs to take off into virtual skies using actual weather conditions? First, you need to know the conditions at the airport you shall depart from and the conditions at your destination. The best source of information related to airport weather conditions is the National Weather Service METARs. Most add-on weather programs use the very same files to set-up surface conditions. It must be remembered that METARs only describe surface conditions at that one airport or weather station. Regional and national surface conditions, along with winds aloft are addressed on other pages.

The METAR is the the most basic set of raw information used in meteorology. The standard set of hourly METARs covers airports listed with the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). This includes most of the airports in the United States and many abroad. However, as can be expected, coverage tends to be wider in more developed countries. So what does a METAR look like? Well, Example 1 is the METAR for George W. Bush International Airport in Houston on March 17, 2000 at 17:53Z. While confusing at first, those two lines are actually a comprehensive set of data at the location, some of which are not needed for simulation aviation. You can check the METAR Decoder Tutorial for the full explanation. Example 1 shows a basic breakdown of the most important data.


Example 1 - 2000/03/17 17:53 KIAH 171753Z 10010KT 10SM FEW030 SCT065 SCT250 23/14 A3012 RMK AO2 SLP197 T02280144 10228 20100 56018

2000/03/17 17:53 KIAH 171753Z- The observation date and time in standard format followed by the four character station identifier and finally a compressed repeat of the observation time.

10010KT - Winds 100 degrees at 10 knots.

10SM - Visibility 10 statute miles.

FEW030 SCT065 SCT250 - Cloud cover. A few clouds at 3,000 feet, scattered clouds at 6,500 feet and more scattered clouds at 25,000 feet.

23/14 - Temperature/Dewpoint in degrees Celsius. If you need to convert that to Fahrenheit, check out the Weather Calculator page.

A3012 - Altimeter setting in inches of mercury or 30.12 inhg in this case.

RMK - Remarks include clarifying or augmenting data.

AO2 - The type of automated station, an automated station with precipitation discriminator in this case.

SLP197 - Sea level pressure with tens, units and tenths of hectopascals or 1019.7 hectopascals in this case.

T02280144 - Temperature and dewpoint coded as: TO - Identifier; 228 - 22.8 degrees celsius temperature; 0 - dewpoint above zero, 1 if below zero; 144 - 14.4 degrees celsius dewpoint.

10228 - Maximum 6 hr temperature. The 1 is the identifier, then once again 0 and 1 reflect above and below zero celsius. Finally, the temperature including tenths. +22.8 degrees celsius in this case.

20100 - Minimum 6 hr temperature. The 2 is the identifier, then as with the maximum temperature. In this case the minimum was +10.0 degrees celsius.

56018 - Pressure tendency over the last 3 hours. The 5 is the identifier. The second digit, 6 in this case, characterizes the barometric tendency. A 6 means decreasing then steady. Finally, the tendency with tenths of a hectopascal. At Houston the barometric pressure over the last three hours has been decreasing then steady, with a drop of 1.8 hectopascals.


As you can see, METARs pack a lot of information into a couple of lines of characters. In most cases, you will only be concerned with a couple of the fields. You learn to pick them out relatively quickly. So now that we know what a METAR is, where can we find them. The form below will give you the METAR for the four character ICAO identifier you enter.


To retrieve the latest METAR for you departure or destination, enter the four character ICAO location identifiers in the box. You can retrieve up to three different METARs by typing them with a space in between. For example: KIAH, KHOU, and KMSY. The click on Submit. The Clear button will clear the box of all entries. The form will open a new window to the National Weather Service METAR site.


(Intended for Flight Simulation Use Only)



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