It is not a secret by any means but very well known and well documented.

As I rarely take undocumented comments (especially comments about being well-documented) at face value, I did an internet search about the effects of VRAM on system DRAM. As suspected, I found just as much "documentation" (even some from Microsoft) that indicated that VRAM does NOT infringe upon DRAM addresses, or anything else.Don't you just love forums and internet expertise! Add me now to the list!gwillmotGetting Old and Apparently Wiser

To QuoteWith pics of the memory spaces occupied... A picture is worth a thousand misinformation's on the web...http://blogs.technet...21/3092070.aspx What's occupying the holes below 4GB? The Device Manager can answer that question. To check, launch "devmgmt.msc", select Resources by Connection in the View Menu, and expand the Memory node. On my laptop, the primary consumer of mapped device memory is, unsurprisingly, the video card, which consumes 256MB in the range E0000000-EFFFFFFF: The consumption of memory addresses below 4GB can be drastic on high-end gaming systems with large video cards. For example, I purchased one from a boutique gaming rig company that came with 4GB of RAM and two 1GB video cards. I hadn't specified the OS version and assumed that they'd put 64-bit Vista on it, but it came with the 32-bit version and as a result only 2.2GB of the memory was accessible by Windows. You can see a giant memory hole from 8FEF0000 to FFFFFFFF in this Meminfo output from the system after I installed 64-bit Windows: Device Manager reveals that 512MB of the over 2GB hole is for the video cards (256MB each), and it looks like the firmware has reserved more for either dynamic mappings or because it was conservative in its estimate: More infoStraight from MSDNhttp://msdn.microsof...8(v=vs.85).aspx How graphics cards and other devices affect memory limits Devices have to map their memory below 4 GB for compatibility with non-PAE-aware Windows releases. Therefore, if the system has 4GB of RAM, some of it is either disabled or is remapped above 4GB by the BIOS. If the memory is remapped, X64 Windows can use this memory. X86 client versions of Windows don’t support physical memory above the 4GB mark, so they can’t access these remapped regions. Any X64 Windows or X86 Server release can.http://www.zdnet.com...-confusion/3124You want me to keep going or do you not believe technet, MSDN, ZDnet and the pictures in front of you? Just run devmgmt.msc on your own box and you will see your own video card mapping memory space if all my proof isn't enough for you...This is true even with XPSP3 which will report all available memory but still has the same mappings in the background and will only use 3.275-3.3 gigs total.So believe what you want Mr older and wiserPS, not sure what your professional background is but I was a systems architect for IBM, Security Architect for IBM, Network Administrator for IBM, then Network Security Architect for IBM working on everything from every desktop deployed to IBM'ers in 98-2000 to monitoring the IBM data center servers for their tier 1 content hosting customers. I was then an Engineer for 8 years working on Sun/Solaris/Unix/Linux and Windows. I have also built my own home built liquid cooled systems for the past 11 years. So I do not speak from my arse but from years of real world experience.

Adding the $9 discount coupon I have from being an LSZH user, I am getting close to the purchase.

Hi RafalI'm also a legal LSZH user. How do I get that $9 discount coupon?

I'm also a legal LSZH user. How do I get that $9 discount coupon?

It's explained here, look towards the end of the post:http://www.fsdreamteam.com/forum/index.php?topic=4380.0If you insert the Coupon code mentioned there, you can purchase any one FSDT product with a 9$ discount.

Yes, Gavin, just like Umberto explained.Inserting the THANKSZURICH password enables all legal LSZH owners to buy a discounted KLAX.Unfortunately for us, non-Americans, we have to pay VAT. So, all in all I was charged as follows:- the product itself = $39,00- the tax = (23%) $6,90- the coupon's value = $9,00- the final price = $36,90 = 26 euroBTW One thing I would like to see in the FSDT's sales system is clearer pricing.Yes, I know, everyone can do a calculation on their own, but anyway I am used to very comfortable final prices (with VAT included) SHOWN at other shops.Plus the coupon/discount system also requires some sober thinking. I have already missed it once due to not being able (shame on me) to comprehend it.The scenery is great though, definitely worth its price. It does take some resources, it's a huge hub all in all, but still very flyable to me.I bought it even though I fly mostly in Europe. But I sometimes go to the USA plus I have a special sentiment for LAX (been there in 2000).Now I'll have a good reason to reinstall my previously purchased FSDT KORD and KJFK (also been there in 1994).

Thanks guys.